土耳其地毯 Turkish carpet

在奥斯曼时期， 能表示一个人或者一个家庭身份的，不是什么金光耀眼的黄金首饰，也不是什么金丝玉帛，而是精美却不乏朴实的手工地毯。这地毯凝聚了土耳其艺术文化的精髓，是土耳其民间艺术最值得骄傲的地方。

Turkish carpets and rugs, whether hand knotted or flat woven (Kilim, Soumak, Cicim, Zili), are among the most well known and established hand crafted art works in the world.

The oldest records of flat woven kilims come from Çatalhöyük Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 BC. One of the oldest settlements ever to have been discovered, Çatalhöyük is located south east of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region.The excavations to date (only 3% of the town) not only found carbonized fabric but also fragments of kilims painted on the walls of some of the dwellings. The majority of them represent geometric and stylized forms that are similar or identical to other historical and contemporary designs.

平织基里姆花毯最古老的记录来自恰塔霍裕克新石器时代的陶器，大约在公元前7000年。一个有史以来发现的最古老的定居点。恰塔霍裕克是位于安纳托利亚省中部，不仅发现了碳化纤维，也有基里姆花毯的花纹碎片出现在一些住宅的墙壁上。大多数有几何图形，相似于同时期的陶艺设计。

Very little is known about the history of rugs until the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries from which Seljuk examples found in various Turkish mosques have survived, nearly all now in museums or private collections.

很少有人知道土耳其地毯的历史，直到12，13，14世纪在清真寺发现的大量塞尔柱地毯留存下来，这些历史文物现在几乎全都在博物馆和私人收藏。

In general, the Turkish take their shoes off upon entering a house. Thus, the dust and dirt of the outdoors are not tracked inside. In traditional households, women and girls take up carpet and kilim weaving as a hobby as well as a means of earning money. Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the beautiful pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in every aspect of daily life. As is true in most weaving cultures, traditionally and nearly exclusively, it is women and girls who are both artisan and weaver.

一般来说，土耳其人进屋前会脱去鞋子，这样灰尘和污物不会进入房子。在家庭传统中，妇女和女儿进行地毯编织作为一种业余爱好以及赚钱的手段。女性在幼年学习编织技艺，需要几个月甚至几年才能完成漂亮的地毯用于日常生活的各个方面。在真实的编织地毯文化中，妇女们既是艺术家又是编织师。

Only natural fibers are used in handmade rugs. The most common materials used for the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Sometimes, goat and camel hair are also used by nomadic and village weavers.

Wool is the most frequently used pile material in a handmade rug because it is soft, durable, easy to work with and not too expensive. Natural wool comes in colors of white, brown, fawn, yellow and gray, which are sometimes used directly without going through a dyeing process.

只有天然纤维可用于手工编织地毯。最常用的材料是羊毛，丝绸和棉线。有时候，山羊毛和骆驼毛也被用于牧民和乡村编织。

羊毛是在手工地毯最常用的材料，因为它柔软，耐用，易于使用且不会过于昂贵。天然羊毛本身具有白色，棕色，驼色，黄色和灰色，有时被直接使用，无需染色。

Cotton is used primarily in the foundation of rugs. However, some weaving groups such as Turkomans also use cotton for weaving small white details into the rug in order to create contrast.

棉线主要用于地毯的基础。然而，一些民族，如土库曼人也用棉线织的白色细节到地毯，以创造对比度。

Wool on wool (wool pile on wool warp and weft): This is the most traditional and often the most "authentic" type of Anatolian rug. Wool on wool carpet weaving dates back further and utilizes more traditional design motifs than its counterparts. Because wool cannot be spun extra finely, the knot count is often not as high as a "wool on cotton" or "silk on silk" rug. Wool on wool carpets tend to be more tribal or nomadic using traditional geometric designs or otherwise non-intricate patterns.

羊毛织在羊毛上：这是最传统，往往是最“正宗”的安纳托利亚地毯的类型。羊毛➕羊毛编织地毯可以追溯到比其它编织法更早的时期。因为羊毛不能额外细纺，编织的结头比其它材质编织的要低平。“羊毛织在棉上”或“真丝➕真丝”地毯。羊毛＋羊毛地毯倾向于使用传统的几何图案或游牧民传统图案和不是很复杂的图案。

Wool on cotton (wool pile on cotton warp and weft): This particular combination facilitates a more intricate design pattern than a "wool on wool carpet", as cotton can be finely spun which allows for a higher knot count. A "wool on cotton" rug is often indicative of a so-called, "city rug". Wool on cotton rugs feature floral designs and flourishes in addition to traditional geometric patterns.

羊毛织在棉线上：此特定组合有利于更复杂的设计模式，因为棉花可以精细纺出，结头可以更高更多。羊毛织在棉线上的这种地毯，更加城市化，除了传统的几何图案外，还可以添加花卉设计。

Silk on silk (silk pile on silk warp and weft): This is perhaps the most intricate type of carpet; featuring a very fine weave. Knot counts on some superior quality "silk on silk" rugs can be as high as 28×28 knots/cm2. Knot counts for silk carpets intended for floor coverings should be no greater than 100 knots per square cm, or 10×10 knots/cm2. Carpets woven with a knot count greater than 10×10 knots/cm2 should only be used as a wall or pillow tapestry. These very fine, intricately woven rugs and carpets are usually no larger than 3×3 m.

土耳其编织地毯中最为昂贵的就是真丝地毯（真丝织在真丝上），真丝地毯也被称为“宫廷地毯”。由于这个地毯的原料是真丝所以价格斐然。真丝地毯的花纹设计以花草为主。但是这种编织方法就不同于其他的土耳其编织地毯了，它采用了“森纳”结扣法。因为这个方法能更好的表现花、枝等纹样的基本造型。能把这些造型加以扩张变形，并辅以有变化的几何纹理，使得整张地毯色调高雅，独具风格。

既然说到了“宫廷地毯”，就有必要提到奥斯曼时期宫廷唯一的地毯供应镇-海雷凯。这座小镇距离伊斯坦布尔60公里，这里汇集了世界上最好的纯手工编织工艺，从这里制作出来的地毯都是奢华精美的上等地毯。哪怕是到现在，这里制作的地毯还是传承了奥斯曼时期富丽堂皇的宫廷地毯风格，可以说“海雷凯地毯”已经是土耳其地毯的代名词。现代的海雷凯地毯图案简洁、色调明朗迎合了人们渴望回归自然的观念。把大自然的色彩和图案融入其中，淡雅的土色、柔和的砖红色呈现出安静详和的气氛。

如果你有幸来到土耳其，在挑选土耳其地毯的时候，请记住一定要看看地毯的毯底，结打得越细，说明地毯的质量越好。因为好的土耳其编织地毯，它的密度应该很大。而且在看毯底的时候还要看这张地毯的花纹是不是一样在毯底也很明显。另外还要看地毯的颜色，因为传统土耳其手工编织地毯的染色纯天然，没有任何化学元素，颜色来自于植物。所以你在选在地毯的时候，可以尝试用湿巾擦一下地毯，看看是不是会有染色情况，如果出现的话，就说明这不是传统的土耳其编织地毯。

Most pile rugs from Anatolia utilize the symmetrical ghiordes double knot or "Turkish knot". Each knot is made on two warps. With this form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is wrapped all the way around the two warps, pulled down and cut, creating a stronger rug than the much more typical asymmetrical single knot senneh or "Persian knot".

安纳托利亚大部分地毯利用对称打成双结或“土耳其结”。双结比非对称单结或“波斯结”更加的坚固耐用，下图为两种结对比图

波斯结 单结法

土耳其结 双结法

编织地毯的纯羊毛线是用手指搓成的，染料取自野生植物根的汁液，色彩自然，经久不衰。图案大气，花纹独特，装饰效果更佳。在土耳其伊斯兰艺术博物馆内可以看到来自14世纪以后的土耳其编织地毯，它们做工精细、色彩艳丽，不含任何化学成分的染色，纯天然的原材料和纯手工的传统技艺，具有极高的收藏价值，是现代地毯所不能比拟的。

如果你喜欢此图文，欢迎分享和转发，如果想了解更多关于家居装饰的内容，可以直接回复：“家居传统”。

感谢收看：魔女屋LYL

我们一边学习一边探索一边和你分享所有的美好与精彩。